Let's look at an argument that came up few months ago in a Cab discussion. The assumption here is that calculus and mathematics are correct, and that they do not break down in front of time itself.
We believe in present time, by which I mean that we have an ability to express the world around us at the current time. Now, this means that everything in this world can be expressed at the current time in a mathematical form. Moreover, any real phenomena has to take a non-zero time to change it's state. For, if it took exactly zero time, it would have two different values at a single point of time. This proves that the functional representation of any real world phenomenon is continuous and differentiable in time. While saying this, I would like to mention the following:-
1. I'm not assuming the knowledge of the function itself, only that it exists and it is differentiable in time.
2. The function need not be time-invariant. It only complicates the situation, but still, at any point of time, the function will have a value...
Let me elaborate the second point above. It's clear that whatever the function be, it'll have a value at every instant of time. Now, the question remains is that are these values predetermined in time? Knowing the values is not important here, though.
Let us try to disprove that the value is predetermined. Let us assume that there is at least one such function whose value at at least one instant in time is not predetermined. This can happen only when:-
1. No other function depends on this value, or the dependent function will also possess this property, and this extension can continue indefinitely. This would eventually mean that even the functions are not predetermined, which breaks the definition of a function. This is not allowed since we believe in mathematics.
If no other function depends on this value, the value and the associated phenomenon will be isolated from this world. This is the concept of "parallel untangled universes", and since they're untangled, there's no sense of knowing the time in other world, as it would not affect our world. In simple terms this value (and therefore the associated function) and the phenomenon gets excluded from our analysis
2. The value is a singularity, such as infinity. In that case, the value cannot be expressed, and therefore it is not predetermined. Moreover, this assumption does not break the association of this value with other functions, as there can be a function that transforms an infinity into a finite value.
So, from above, it seems clear that "except at singularities" every function and it's values are predetermined. This means that every finite thing in this world is predetermined, by some unknown mechanism. Interestingly, it means that if you know the current space-time position of an object, and you can avoid singularities, you can attempt to know the space-time at any other time, since it's predetermined.
This brings us to our first milestone: That efforts of astrology and science in trying to determine past / future values of a phenomenon are not futile. In the next article of this supposedly long (still unknown how long, but you see, it's predetermined) series, I'll talk about validity of our assumption and the corner case of singularity that has surfaced.